Barbara Sproll , Heather Milan , Cenzina Caligiuri , Sheri Dyck , Brenda Rosenthal , Colette B Raymond
Providing a safe work environment is an important goal for any hospital pharmacy department. Historically, great care has been exercised in the receipt, storage, preparation, distribution, administration, and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Although other drugs have been acknowledged as potentially hazardous, most facilities do not have processes to identify and ensure their safe and consistent handling. Existing medication and chemical safety programs have limitations in their applicability to hospital pharmacy practice. For example, the Workplace Hazardous Material Information System excludes prescription drugs.1 The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends full handling precautions for all hazardous drugs.2 However, in a busy, diverse hospital pharmacy practice, application of such procedures may be impractical. The Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists (CSHP), in its “Hazardous Pharmaceuticals (Including Cytotoxic Drugs): Guidelines for Handling and Disposal”,3 provides information about general issues related to handling hazardous products, but greater detail (for example, a list of specific drugs considered hazardous) was required to develop procedures for use by front-line staff.
The Winnipeg Regional Health Authority (WRHA) is a publicly funded organization that delivers acute, long-term, and community health services in Winnipeg, Manitoba (population catchment 800 000). The WRHA Pharmacy Program has a staff of approximately 150 full-time equivalent pharmacists and 150 full-time equivalent pharmacy technicians. Staff members of the WRHA Pharmacy Program deliver and manage pharmacy care at 8 facilities totalling about 2000 beds and provide selected pharmacy services for WRHA-affiliated clinics, personal care homes, and community health agencies. The WRHA has a single formulary for all acute care facilities.
This article describes the development and implementation of the Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs Program within the WRHA Pharmacy Program. The purpose of this project was to develop practical guidelines for the safe handling of all potentially hazardous drugs. In 2007, the WRHA introduced a new policy for handling parenteral cytotoxic drugs, which was applicable to all regional staff.4 However, information was lacking about the safe handling of cytotoxic drugs administered by other routes and handling of potentially hazardous non-cytotoxic drugs; therefore, the WRHA Pharmacy Program struck a Hazardous Drugs Task Force. The regional Nursing Leadership Council was invited to participate in this task force, to help in developing safe handling processes for hazardous drugs that would also be applicable to nursing staff, but the Council chose not to participate; instead, they focused on implementation and education related to the new policy for cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, the task force worked on processes for the safe handling of hazardous drugs within the pharmacy, with the understanding that other health care disciplines would be included later, at a time of their choosing.
The development and implementation of the Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs Program within the WRHA Pharmacy Program had the following objectives: to develop a list of drugs that might pose risks to those handling them; to develop procedures for receiving, storing, preparing, distributing, administering, and disposing of these drugs; to develop readily available tools for front-line pharmacy staff that could easily be amended for use by staff from other health care disciplines at a later date; and to develop a pharmacy implementation plan and training program.
The WRHA Pharmacy Program began by convening the Hazardous Drugs Task Force, made up of pharmacy managers and staff from facilities within the WRHA and the provincial cancer agency, CancerCare Manitoba. Over the course of the project, other members were recruited for their expertise, as required (e.g., operations managers, educators). Other programs (e.g., nursing, Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health) were consulted for input specific to their respective areas of expertise.
To identify drugs requiring safe handling practices, drug lists in the available guidelines from NIOSH,2 CSHP,3 and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)5 were reviewed. Through review of the literature, discussion, and consensus, definitions for cytotoxic drugs, non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs, and routine-handling drugs were determined for the Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs Program. Cytotoxic drugs were defined as hazardous drugs that are detrimental or destructive to cells within the body.2 Cytotoxic agents generally bind to or damage DNA, interfere with DNA synthesis, or interfere with cell growth or proliferation. Often, cytotoxic drugs do not distinguish between normal and cancerous cells, disrupting growth or function of both types of cells.2,6 The term “cytotoxic” was used because health care workers in the WRHA understand this term and its relationship to the region’s 2007 cytotoxic drugs policy. They also recognize the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) cytotoxic symbol that denotes drugs for which maximal handling precautions are required.3,4 Non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs were defined as drugs with less risk from occupational exposure relative to cytotoxic drugs, but for which special handling precautions are required. Routine-handling drugs were defined as drugs that do not require special safe-handling precautions.
The cytotoxic, non-cytotoxic hazardous, and routine-handling definitions were used to categorize all drugs in the WRHA formulary. In addition, drugs, powders, and chemicals used in compounding practices within the WRHA Pharmacy Program, as well as investigational drugs and drugs obtained through Health Canada’s Special Access Programme, were categorized. Where clear information about categorization was not available (e.g., for investigational, foreign, or newly marketed drugs), the pharmacology, pharmaceutics, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of the drug or compound and the categorization of similar drugs were considered. The procedures used to determine how a drug would be categorized are outlined in Table 1.
Table 1.
Criteria for Classifying Drugs2,5*
The drugs were tabulated to form the “Cytotoxic and Non-cytotoxic Hazardous Drugs” list (see Table 2 for an excerpt from this list). TALLman lettering, recommended by the US Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), was used in this table to help distinguish look-alike drug names.7 The use of TALLman letters has been promoted by ISMP, the Joint Commission, and other safety-conscious organizations as one means of reducing confusion between similar drug names.7 The “Cytotoxic and Non-cytotoxic Hazardous Drugs” list continues to be revised as new drugs, products, and information become available.
Table 2.
Excerpt from List of Cytotoxic and Non-cytotoxic Hazardous Drugs*
A literature search was performed, CSHP and ASHP guidelines for handling hazardous drugs and the NIOSH resource materials and website were reviewed, and other hospitals were surveyed for pertinent policies and procedures.2–6,8–12 The applicable standards for “Medication Management” of Accreditation Canada were considered throughout the project.13
The 2007 WRHA policy for cytotoxic drugs outlined requirements for personal protective equipment, preparation techniques, dispensing and transport procedures, drug administration, and waste management of parenteral cytotoxic drugs.4 Information in this policy was used to develop procedures specific to the WRHA Pharmacy Program to ensure practice consistency across all facilities. The procedures were extended to include handling of all dosage forms of cytotoxic drugs. Procedures for the handling of non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs were also based on information presented in the policy, modified to ensure safety and practicality. Personal protective equipment currently available in hospital inventories was recommended.
It was recognized that better alternatives were required for the safe preparation and administration of cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs at the point of care. Modifying dosage forms to facilitate drug administration was a common nursing practice, and environmental contamination caused by particles generated while manipulating dosage forms in patient care areas (e.g., crushing tablets, opening capsules) was recognized as a safety risk for staff and other patients.14,15 Therefore, from the list of cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs, orally administered drugs were identified, and information on the availability of commercial and extemporaneously compounded liquid preparations, as well as “dissolve-and-dose” information, was compiled. From this, an “Enteral Compromised Dosage Forms” table was developed (not shown). The dissolve-and-dose technique is a “closed-system” method of converting a tablet to a solution or suspension just before administration.16,17 Where commercial or extemporaneously compounded liquid preparations were not available, the dissolve-and-dose technique was attempted with selected tablet formulations to confirm dispersion of the tablet in water in less than 5 min (WRHA summer student project, unpublished data, 2007). Because capsules were not amenable to the dissolve-and-dose technique, a procedure was created whereby pharmacy staff open capsules in a dedicated hazardous compounding area of the pharmacy, place the capsule contents in an ointment jar, and seal the container with a unit-dose dispensing cap. Before administration, the nurse adds water to the contents in the ointment jar and withdraws the contents into an oral syringe.
Procedures for the safe handling of both categories of drugs were summarized in the “Pharmacy Safe Handling of Drugs” chart (see Table 3 for an excerpt from this chart). Details about the personal protective equipment required and other procedures for the handling of parenteral cytotoxic drugs were taken from the 2007 WRHA cytotoxic drugs policy.4 Detailed information about personal protective equipment required and other procedures for the handling of other dosage forms of cytotoxic drugs and non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs were developed. All information, including the “Cytotoxic and Non-cytotoxic Hazardous Drugs” list, the “Pharmacy Safe Handling of Drugs” chart, the 2007 WRHA cytotoxic drugs policy, and procedures for non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs, was posted on the WRHA intranet and compiled into a resource manual for ready access by all staff in the WRHA Pharmacy Program.
Table 3.
Excerpt from Pharmacy Safe Handling of Drugs Chart*†
Three auxiliary labels were selected for use by WRHA Pharmacy Program staff when dispensing designated products. All dosage forms of cytotoxic drugs were labelled with the CSA-approved label for cytotoxic drugs. Labels stating “WEAR GLOVES” and “WEAR GLOVES; DO NOT CRUSH” were used to identify non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs. The labels provided information to nurses about safe handling precautions and alerted them to the availability of additional information such as specific policies and procedures. Application of labels with the instruction “DO NOT CRUSH” to particular dosage forms delivered to patient care areas also helped to ensure that all compromised dosage forms would be prepared in a controlled environment within the pharmacy department to the greatest extent possible. Information about the auxiliary labels was included in the “Pharmacy Safe Handling of Drugs” chart.
The Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs Program was implemented in 8 pharmacy departments within the WRHA. To facilitate implementation, educational material about the program was developed for all existing staff in the WRHA Pharmacy Program and for orientation of new staff. A refresher quiz was developed for annual completion by all pharmacy staff. Education focused on providing consistent information about the safe handling of hazardous drugs and instruction regarding use of the resource tools. Tools such as an implementation checklist, self-learning package, and inservice slide presentation were developed by the Practice Development Team of the WRHA Pharmacy Program, to aid pharmacy managers in implementing the program at their facilities. The learning objectives for the educational materials included listing the potential hazards and conditions for exposure to cytotoxic and other hazardous agents, identifying and differentiating between cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs, using the “Pharmacy Safe Handling of Drugs” chart to identify precautions to be taken when handling both categories of hazardous drugs, and identifying procedures to use when cleaning up a hazardous drug spill. Before delivery of the educational materials to pharmacy staff, 8 pharmacists and pharmacy technicians participated in a field test of the materials, the self-learning package, and the inservice presentation. The field test included a self-assessment evaluation, a post-education survey, and focus group discussion about the resource material and education process. The resource materials and education package were revised on the basis of feedback from the field-testing participants and an educator.
Guided by the implementation checklist, pharmacy managers assessed available space and workload to determine the best plan for implementing the safe drug-handling procedures. The inservice presentation was customized for each facility. Implementation started with the largest facility and then progressed through the other facilities. Inservice sessions were presented by members of the WRHA Pharmacy Program Practice Development Team or a site-specific pharmacy educator. All staff members were required to attend an inservice session, and attendance was recorded for quality assurance purposes.
The Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs Program has been implemented at all 8 facilities of the WRHA Pharmacy Program. More than 300 staff members attended the initial education sessions. Resource tools and educational materials have been in use at all facilities since spring 2009. As of April 2011, about 80% of pharmacy staff across the region had completed the annual refresher quiz.
There were many challenges to developing a program that would protect staff from hazardous drugs and that would be both practical and adaptable to a variety of practice settings. One of the earliest challenges was developing standard terms and definitions that would be recognized and used across the region. Although the NIOSH recommendations for full cytotoxic safety precautions for all hazardous drugs offer maximal protection to staff, they are not practical for implementation in diverse health care organizations. We modified the recommendations so that staff could adopt practices that would ensure quality and timely patient care in a safe handling environment.
It was also difficult to find published recommendations that were applicable to a variety of practice settings and to all dosage forms of hazardous drugs. Often, we found information that was specific to only antineoplastic agents or to parenteral dosage forms. We sometimes had to extrapolate the information to make it applicable to hazardous drugs that were not antineoplastics or to oral or topical dosage forms. The hazardous drug list and procedures are continually being revised to reflect new and more definitive information as it becomes available. Future efforts will focus on making this safe-handling information available to all WRHA employees, especially nursing staff, in all of our care facilities and in the community.
The Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs Program was developed and implemented within the WRHA Pharmacy Program. This program provides complete, easily accessible information to pharmacy personnel across all facilities of the WRHA about safe handling of hazardous and potentially hazardous drugs. A list of cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic hazardous drugs, a chart for safe handling of drugs in the pharmacy, and a pharmacy resource manual with information about the safe and preferred methods for altering dosage forms to accommodate patient needs were created. An extensive regional education program and an implementation process were also developed. The implementation process recognized the need for variation among individual facilities while providing a consistent message about the safe handling of hazardous drugs.
1.
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Preventing occupational exposure to antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in health care settings
. Atlanta (GA): US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 2004 Sep [cited 2011 Jun 6]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-165c
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4. Regional policy 110.160.010: Cytotoxic agents, safe handling of. Winnipeg (MB): Winnipeg Regional Health Authority; 2007 Oct.
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8. Pharmacy procedures for sterile product preparation: Video 3: Antineoplastic agents. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists; 2003.
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11. Working Committee on the Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs. Prevention guide: safe handling of hazardous drugs. Technical Guide CG-002. Montréal (QC): Association paritaire pour la santé et la sécurité du travail du secteur affaires sociales; 2008 [cited 2011 Jun 17]. Available from: www.irsst.qc.ca/en/-irsst-publication-prevention-guide-safe-handling-of-hazardous-drugs-cg-002.html
12. Special handling requirements for oral cytotoxics and cytotoxic immunosuppressant medicines. London (UK): NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children; 2010 May [cited 2011 Jun 16]. Available from: www.gosh.nhs.uk/gosh_families/information_sheets/medicines_chemotherapy_handling/medicines_chemotherapy_handling_families.html
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The contributions of Anita Richard, Susan Mestdagh, and Clayton Hayes and of all the members, past and present, of the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority Hazardous Drugs Task Force, are gratefully acknowledged.
Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy , VOLUME 65 , NUMBER 3 , May-June 2012