Sedation in the Intensive Care Unit: An Overview
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v48i6.2338Keywords:
benzodiazepine, critical care, opiates, sedation, benzodiazépines, opiacés, sédation, soins intensifsAbstract
ABSTRACT
Sedation in the critically ill patient is essential to ensure maximal quality of life in the high-stress environment of the intensive care unit. The main goals of sedation include augmentation of pain control, management of agitation and psychological distress, and improvement of patient tolerance and acceptance of the endotracheal tube and ventilator support. Ideally, the sedated patient should be asleep yet easily rousable. This is most commonly achieved in practice with a combination of morphine and benzodiazepines although a variety of combinations of drugs have been utilized. Other agents which have been employed include, other opiates such as fentanyl and sufentanil, butyrophenones such as haloperidol, and anesthetics such as propofol. These agents will be reviewed with respect to their role in sedating the critically ill patient.
RÉSUMÉ
La sédation, chez le patient dont l'état est critique, est essentielle pour lui assurer une qualité de vie maximale dans le milieu très stressant qu’est l’unité des soins intensifs. Les principaux objectifs de la sédation comprennent le soulagement accru de la douleur, la maîtrise de l’agitation et de la détresse psychologique, et une meilleure tolérance et acceptation par le patient de l'intubation endotrachéale et de la ventilation assistée. Idéalement, le patient sous sédatifs devrait dormir mais pouvoir être facilement réveillé. Dans la pratique, on réussir couramment à atteindre cet équilibre en associant de la morphine à une benzodiazépine, bien qu'une foule d'autres associations médicamenteuses soient employées. Parmi les autres médicaments utilisés on note les autres opiacés comme le fentanyl et le sufentanil, les Butyrophénones comme l'halopéridol et les anesthésiques comme le propofol. Ces agents seront examinés relativement à leur rôle dans la sédation des patients dont l'état est critique.
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