Selection and Monitoring of Muscle Relaxants During Mechanical Ventilation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v45i2.2612Keywords:
atracurium, neuromuscular blocking agents, pancuronium, vecuronium, ventilation, agents bloquants neuromusculaires, respirateur, vécuroniumAbstract
ABSTRACT
Traditionally, intensive care patients on mechanical ventilation who require muscle relaxant therapy have been treated with bolus doses of pancuronium, a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. Although this drug produces effective paralysis, its use is limited by adverse effects including accumulation with prolonged use, dosage adjustment requirements in the elderly and those with renal or hepatic failure, and cardiovascular toxicity. Vecuronium and atracurium are two newer non-depolarizing muscle relaxants which can be administered by continuous infusion. These agents are more expensive than pancuronium, however, they offer several advantages for critically ill patients requiring continuous paralysis. There is less potential for accumulation, even in patients with renal dysfunction, allowing rapid reversal of paralysis upon discontinuation. In addition, both agents have a higher cardiovascular safety margin. Finally, infusions provide continuous, titratable paralysis as opposed to bolus doses which are re-administered only after signs of recovery. While many patients do not need to be continually paralysed and are well maintained on as required pancuronium bolus doses, atracurium and vecuronium are advantageous in the severely agitated, ventilator-dependent patient. For any patient receiving neuromuscular blocking agents, appropriate monitoring should minimize adverse effects and limit the potential for prolonged recovery.
RÉSUMÉ
Habituellement, les patients des soins intensifs sur respirateur qui ont besoin d'un traitement myorelaxant reçoivent des doses intermittentes de pancuronium, agent bloquant neuromusculaire non dépolarisant. Bien que ce médicament produise une paralysie efficace, son emploi est limité par des effets secondaires, tels que son accumulation lors d'un usage prolongé, par la nécessité d'ajuster la posologie chez les personnes âgées ou souffrant d'insuffisance rénale ou hépatique, et par sa toxicité cardiovasculaire. Le vécuronium et l'atracurium sont deux relaxants musculaires non dépolarisants plus récents administrés par perfusion continue. Ces agents coûtent plus cher que le pancuronium, mais offrent plusieurs avantages au patient dont l'état exige une paralysie continue. Le risque d'accumulation étant moindre, même chez le patient présentant une insuffisance rénale, le renversement de la paralysie est rapide lorsqu'on interrompt le traitement. De plus, ces deux médicaments offrent une plus grande marge de sécurité au niveau cardiovasculaire. Finalement, la perfusion induit une paralysie continue titrable contrairement aux doses intermittentes qui ne sont réadministrée qu'à l'apparition de signes de récupération. Bien que bon nombre de patients n'aient pas besoin d'une paralysie continue et chez qui l’administration de doses intermittentes de pancuronium est suffisante, l'atracurium et le vécuronium présentent des avantages chez le patient très agité sur respirateur. Dans tous les cas, les patients recevant des agents bloquants neuromusculaires doivent faire l'objet d'une surveillance adéquate afin de minimiser les effets secondaires et diminuer le risque de récupération Prolongée.
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